The axiom that “member states are guided by interest” underscores the motivations and actions of countries on the global stage. We sought to dissect through the lenses of realism, capitalism, and liberalism. Once the people of a republic understand these theories , it will offer insight into the dynamics between the West and the Global South, where resources supply and monetization create interdependent relationships. Additionally, examining the complexities of the West’s interactions with the East, particularly concerning religion, belief, terrorism, and weapon proliferation, further illuminates the multifaceted nature of global politics.

We will explore how these theories manifest in the case studies of Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, Congo, South Africa, and Ethiopia, illustrating the varying interests and strategies employed by these nations in their dealings with Western powers.

Realism posits that states operate in an anarchic international system where survival is the primary concern. This theory emphasizes the pursuit of power and security, leading states to act primarily in their national interest. Kenya’s relationship with Western countries, particularly the United States and European nations, exemplifies realism. The country has become a crucial ally in the fight against terrorism, particularly in the context of Al-Shabaab in Somalia, the terror groups in Haiti causing unrest. The West’s interest in Kenya is largely motivated by the need to secure regional stability and counter-terrorism efforts. In return, Kenya receives military and economic assistance, showcasing a transactional relationship based on strategic interests. We all know that states such as Egypt and Libya have very strong military presence in terms of numbers and equipment. Why Kenya?

In Nigeria, realism plays out through its oil resources , which attract significant Western investment. The United States and European countries are heavily involved in Nigeria’s oil sector, drawn by the country’s rich reserves. However, this relationship has led to domestic challenges, including corruption and environmental degradation, as the Nigerian government prioritizes foreign partnerships to secure revenue. The underlying motive remains power and resource extraction, often at the expense of local communities. How many innocents have been abducted by the Boko Haram? The intertwining of religion, terrorism, and oil production in Nigeria presents a complex challenge that impacts the country’s economy and stability. The connection between religion and terrorist groups in Nigeria significantly affects oil production in the country. The Niger Delta region, where much of Nigeria’s oil is extracted, has been a hotspot for conflict involving these uncouth militant groups, some of which have religious motivations or affiliations.

Capitalism is not to blame, or is it?

Capitalism drives the global economy, characterized by free markets, private ownership, and the pursuit of profit. The capitalist framework explains the economic ties between the West and the Global South, where supply chains and financial flows are critical components. Ghana’s engagement with Western nations, particularly in the cocoa and gold sectors, highlights the capitalist imperative. Ghana is one of the largest cocoa producers globally, and Western companies invest heavily in this industry. However, the capitalist structure often leaves local farmers with a small share of the profits, reinforcing economic dependency. While Ghana benefits from foreign investment, it struggles to diversify its economy beyond commodity exports, reflecting the challenges of capitalism in the Global South.

Can we speak about Congo? The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) presents a stark illustration of capitalism’s consequences. The DRC is rich in minerals like coltan, cobalt, and gold, which are essential for modern technology and yet the country is deemed one of the poorest and uncivilized, is it? Western multinational corporations exploit these resources, often without adequate compensation for local communities. The capitalist pursuit of profit leads to human rights abuses and environmental degradation, as the DRC grapples with the challenges of foreign exploitation while seeking economic development. Who is to blame? If coltan did not exist, I would not be disseminating tis kind of information, ever! Give to Congo what belongs to Congo!

Liberalism is more like a sweet tooth, in contrast to realism, it emphasizes the potential for cooperation and interdependence among states. It suggests that developments such as trade and tourism and even shared values can lead to more stable and peaceful relations. How much has trade contributed to peace and stability in your country? How many visas have you applied for in order to visit or do business within a fellow African country? Many, Yes? What is so liberal about trade and tourism, if I have to apply for visas to trade with Tanzanians?

South Africa’s post-apartheid foreign policy exemplifies liberalism’s principles, its what they say. The country has actively engaged in international organizations, advocating for human rights and democracy. South Africa’s participation in the African Union and the United Nations reflects its commitment to multilateralism and cooperation. I beg to defer. South Africa has been grappling with sporadic and sometimes lethal xenophobic harassment and violence against other Africans living in the country, including refugees, asylum seekers, and both documented and undocumented migrants. Many South Africans perceive migrants, particularly those from other African countries, as competition for limited job opportunities, resources, and social services. This perception has exacerbated tensions and lead to violence, especially in areas with high unemployment and poverty rates. We all witnessed what happened with the former contestant that S.A claimed to be of Nigerian decent. Ms. Chidimma Adetshina. The stunning model was born in South Africa but has mixed parentage through her Nigerian father, while her mother has Mozambican descent. Underline the word “born” which automatically makes her a South African citizens, sorry, I meant to say qualifies!

Lets not touch on Ethiopia today!

Foreign policy decisions reflect the interplay of realism, capitalism, and liberalism as states navigate their interests and values on the global stage. The West’s foreign policy towards the Global South often combines strategic interests with efforts to promote democracy, human rights, and development. However, these efforts we perceive them as neo-colonialism or paternalism, leading to tensions and resistance from the Global South.

Case Studies of Foreign Policy: Does it breach on sovereignty of States?

• Kenya: The U.S. has supported Kenya’s counter-terrorism initiatives, framing this partnership as a commitment to regional stability and security. However, the Kenyan government faces criticism for human rights violations in its anti-terrorism operations, raising questions about the West’s true commitment to human rights versus strategic interests.

 

• Nigeria: The West’s engagement in Nigeria often focuses on oil and security, with initiatives aimed at combating Boko Haram. However, the underlying issues of governance, corruption, and human rights abuses challenge the effectiveness of these foreign policy efforts. Or is it the other way round?

 

• Ghana and South Africa: Both nations have sought to balance their engagements with Western powers while promoting regional cooperation and development. Their participation in international organizations reflects a commitment to liberal values, yet they must navigate the challenges of dependency and inequality in their relationships.

The principle that “member states are guided by interest” is evident in the interactions between the West and the Global South. Realism, capitalism, and liberalism offer valuable frameworks for understanding these relationships, highlighting the pursuit of power, economic imperatives, and the potential for cooperation. Case studies from Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, Congo, and South Africa illustrate the varied experiences and strategies employed by these nations in their engagements with Western powers.

As the global landscape evolves, understanding these dynamics is crucial for addressing the challenges and opportunities that arise. By recognizing the interplay of interests and values, states can better navigate their relationships, fostering more equitable and stable global interactions. In an interconnected world, thanks to globalization, the future of international relations will depend on the ability of states to balance their interests with the promotion of mutual respect and cooperation. Therefore,

Member States Are Guided By Interest: The West And The Global South (Or “Why Can’t We All Just Get Along?”)